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A prism compressor is an optical device used to shorten the duration of a positively chirped ultrashort laser pulse by giving different wavelength components a different time delay. It typically consists of two prisms and a mirror. Figure 1 shows the construction of such a compressor. Although the dispersion of the prism material causes different wavelength components to travel along different paths, the compressor is built such that all wavelength components leave the compressor at different times, but in the same direction. If the different wavelength components of a laser pulse were already separated in time, the prism compressor can make them overlap with each other, thus causing a shorter pulse. Prism compressors are typically used to compensate for dispersion inside Ti:sapphire modelocked laser. Each time the laser pulse inside travels through the optical components inside the laser cavity, it becomes stretched. A prism compressor inside the cavity can be designed such that it exactly compensates this intra-cavity dispersion. It can also be used to compensate for dispersion of ultrashort pulses outside laser cavities. Prismatic pulse compression was first introduced, using a single prism, in 1983 by Dietel et al.〔W. Dietel, J. J. Fontaine, and J. C. Diels, "Intracavity pulse compression with glass: a new method of generating pulses shorter than 60 fs," ''Opt. Lett.'' 8, 4-6 (1983).〕 and a four-prism pulse compressor was demonstrated in 1984 by Fork et al.〔(R. L. Fork, O. E. Martinez, and J. P. Gordon, "Negative dispersion using pairs of prisms", ''Opt. Lett.'' 9, 150-152 (1984). )〕 Additional experimental developments include a prism-pair pulse compressor〔J. C. Diels, W. Dietel, J. J. Fontaine, W. Rudolph, and B. Wilhelmi, Analysis of a mode-locked ring laser: chirped-solitary-pulse solutions, ''J. Opt. Soc. Am. B'' 2, 680-686 (1985).〕 and a six-prism pulse compressor for semiconductor lasers.〔L. Y. Pang, J. G. Fujimoto, and E. S. Kintzer, Ultrashort-pulse generation from high-power diode arrays by using intracavity optical nonlinearities, ''Opt. Lett.'' 17, 1599-1601 (1992).〕 The multiple-prism dispersion theory, for pulse compression, was introduced in 1982 by Duarte and Piper,〔F. J. Duarte and J. A. Piper, "Dispersion theory of multiple-prism beam expander for pulsed dye lasers," ''Opt. Commun.'' 43, 303-307 (1982).〕 extended to second derivatives in 1987,〔F. J. Duarte, Generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory for pulse compression in ultrafast dye lasers, ''Opt. Quantum Electron.'' 19, 223-229 (1987).〕 and further extended to higher order phase derivatives in 2009.〔 (F. J. Duarte, Generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory for laser pulse compression: higher order phase derivatives, ''Appl. Phys. B'' 96, 809-814 (2009). )〕 An additional compressor, using a large prism with lateral reflectors to enable a multi-pass arrangement at the prism, was introduced in 2006.〔S. Akturk, X. Gu, M. Kimmel, and R. Trebino,"Extremely simple single-prism ultrashort- pulse compressor" ''Opt. Exp.'' 14, 10101-10108 (2006), (PDF ).〕 ==Principle of operation== Almost all optical materials that are transparent for visible light have a ''normal'', or positive, dispersion: the refractive index decreases with increasing wavelength. This means that longer wavelengths travel faster through these materials. The same is true for the prisms in a prism compressor. However, the positive dispersion of the prisms is offset by the extra distance that the longer wavelength components have to travel through the second prism. This is a rather delicate balance, since the shorter wavelengths travel a larger distance through air. However, with a careful choice of the geometry, it is possible to create a negative dispersion that can compensate positive dispersion from other optical components. This is shown in Figure 3. By shifting prism P2 up and down, the dispersion of the compressor can be both negative around refractive index ''n'' = 1.6 (red curve) and positive (blue curve). The range with a negative dispersion is relatively short since prism P2 can only be moved upwards over a short distance before the light ray misses it altogether. In principle, the α angle can be varied to tune the dispersion properties of a prism compressor. In practice, however, the geometry is chosen such that the incident and refracted beam have the same angle at the central wavelength of the spectrum to be compressed. This configuration is known as the "angle of minimum deviation", and is easier to align than arbitrary angles. The refractive index of typical materials such as BK7 glass changes only a small amount (0.01 – 0.02) within the few tens of nanometers that are covered by an ultrashort pulse. Within a practical size, a prism compressor can only compensate a few hundred µm of path length differences between the wavelength components. However, by using a large refractive index material (such as SF10, SF11, etc.) the compensation distance can be extended to mm level. This technology has been used successfully inside femtosecond laser cavity for compensation of the Ti:sapphire crystal, and outside for the compensation of dispersion introduced by other elements. However, high-order dispersion will be introduced by the prism compressor itself, as well as other optical elements. It can be corrected with careful measurement of the ultrashort pulse and compensate the phase distortion. MIIPS is one of the pulse shaping techniques which can measure and compensate high-order dispersion automatically. As a muddled version of pulse shaping the end mirror is sometimes tilted or even deformed, accepting that the rays do not travel back the same path or become divergent. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prism compressor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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